![]() 45 pollen grains were from Israel (matching pollen from 2000 year old sedimentary deposits near the Sea of Galilee) including 13 that are unique to that region. Max Frei, a Swiss botanist and criminologist, took dust samples from the Shroud and identified 58 pollen grains. Given the wide ranges of dates these tests produce, 136 AD very closely correlates with the actual date of Jesus’ death.ġ. The average mean date of the 4 tests is 136 AD. The range of dates resulting from each of the last 4 tests includes the date of Jesus’s crucifixion, held by scholarly consensus to be during the governorship of Pontius Pilate, who ruled from 26 AD to 36 AD, and most likely during the year 30 AD or 33 AD. ![]() Correlating the Shroud fibers with other known ancient fabrics, these tests found that the Shroud originated between 1 AD and 800 AD (mean=400 AD). These tests compare the physical properties of the fibers of various ancient fabrics for example, how much tensile strength individual fibers retain over time. Mechanical tests of compressibility and breaking strength. This test found that the Shroud originated between 700 BC and 300 AD (mean=200 BC).ĥ. This test used lasers to probe cellulose degradation in the same samples as in the previous test. Raman Laser Spectroscopy Test for Cellulose Degradation. Testing the Shroud, and comparing it with the other samples, established the Shroud’s origin as between 700 BC and 100 AD (mean=300 BC).Ĥ. With an infrared light beam, scientists tested 9 ancient textiles of different ages (from Egypt, Israel, and Peru) as well as two modern fabrics, to establish the rate at which cellulose in textiles decays over time. Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy Test of Cellulose Degradation. Comparing the Shroud’s test results with these other linens established the Shroud’s origin as between 1022 BC and 678 AD (mean=172 BC).ģ. Tests of linens from the middle ages indicated that they typically retained about 37% of their vanillin, while older artifacts like the Dead Sea Scrolls had none. Vanillin is an organic compound that-like carbon-decays with age. This certainly affected the resulting age given to the Shroud - about 638 years old, dating it to approximately 1350 AD. But the samples used by all 3 testing labs came from the same repaired spot, containing the “younger” threads of cotton, and dye. Originally, multiple places on the Shroud were to be sampled for testing. Second, nuns repaired the scorched areas by weaving in cotton fibers dyed to match the flax (unrepaired areas contain no cotton). The carbon from the fire would have skewed the results. Carbon-14 dating measures age by the extent of carbon decay. First, in 1532, the Shroud, while folded and stored in a church reliquary in Chambréy, France, was damaged in a fire. This initial test is the only one that did not date the Shroud to the time of Christ. So is it a medieval forgery? Consider the following cumulative scientific evidence that dates the actual origin of the Shroud to the time of Jesus.ġ. However, we can trace the history of continuous physical custody of the Shroud back to 1349, not to the time of Christ. Scientific analyses that date the Shroud to the time of Jesus, anatomical details that closely correspond to Jesus’ injuries described in the gospels, and the unique and unrepeatable process by which the image was generated show that the Shroud is likely the burial cloth of Jesus. Scientists have determined that the image was not produced by paint, pigment, dye, chemicals, vapor, or scorching. The Shroud has been subjected to more scientific study than any other human artifact. The Shroud is preserved in a cathedral in Turin, Italy hence its name. The image corresponds to a photographic negative. It bears the image of the front and back sides of a crucified man. The Shroud of Turin is a woven linen (flax) cloth that measures roughly 14 feet by 3.5 feet.
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